Voluntary Self-Exclusion Based on Legality

Mapping Gambling Type Legality* Examples

(*Legality does not equal availability, as people have access to many types of gambling that are not legislatively legalized in their state)

Slot/VGT (outside casinos) Legality

Map of the United States showing slot/video game terminals outside casinos legality by state.

Slot/Video Gaming Terminals (Outside Casinos) are legal in the following states:

  • Deleware
  • Georgia
  • Illinois
  • Iowa
  • Maine
  • Nevada
  • New Mexico
  • Oregon
  • South Dakota

Sports Betting Legality

Map of the United States showing legality of different sports betting methods by state.

Retail and Online Sports Betting is legal in the following states:

  • Arizona
  • Arkansas
  • Colorado
  • Connecticut
  • Deleware
  • Florida
  • Illinois
  • Indiana
  • Iowa
  • Kansas
  • Kentucky
  • Louisiana
  • Maine
  • Maryland
  • Massachusetts
  • Michigan
  • Montana
  • Nevada
  • New Jersey
  • New York
  • North Carolina
  • Ohio
  • Oregon
  • Pennsylvania
  • Rhode Island
  • West Virginia

Retail and Online Sports Betting (Tribal Only) is legal in the following states:

  • Washington
  • Wisconsin
  • Wyoming

Retail Only Sports Betting is legal in the following states:

  • Mississippi
  • Nebraska
  • New Mexico
  • North Dakota
  • South Dakota

Online Only Sports Betting is legal in the following states:

  • New Hampshire
  • Tennessee
  • Vermont
  • Virginia

Tribal Casino Ownership

Map of the United States showing tribal casino ownership by state

Casinos are owned by Tribal Government in the following states:

  • Alabama
  • Colorado
  • Connecticut
  • Florida
  • Idaho
  • Indiana
  • Iowa
  • Kansas
  • Louisiana
  • Michigan
  • Minnesota
  • Mississippi
  • Montana
  • Nebraska
  • New Mexico
  • New York
  • North Dakota
  • Oregon
  • South Dakota
  • Texas
  • Washington
  • Wisconsin
  • Wyoming

Casinos are owned by Tribal Government and operated by Commercial Entity in the following states:

  • Arizona
  • California
  • Nevada
  • North Carolina
  • Oklahoma

Percent of Legally Available forms of Gambling that have VSE Options by State

Map of the United States showing percentage of legalized forms of gambling that have VSE options by state. No state offers a self-exclusion program for every form of legalized gambling.

No Voluntary Self-Exclusion option (outside of individual properties) is available in the following states:

  • Alaska
  • Idaho
  • Nevada
  • North Dakota
  • South Carolina
  • Texas
  • Utah
  • Wisconsin

10-19% of legally available forms of gambling have Voluntary Self-Exclusion options in the following states:

  • Arkansas
  • California
  • Minnesota
  • Oregon
  • Wyoming

20-29% of legally available forms of gambling have Voluntary Self-Exclusion options in the following states:

  • Alabama
  • Florida
  • Montana

30-39% of legally available forms of gambling have Voluntary Self-Exclusion options in the following states:

  • Georgia
  • Kansas
  • Maine
  • Mississippi
  • Oklahoma
  • Rhode Island
  • Washington

40-49% of legally available forms of gambling have Voluntary Self-Exclusion options in the following states:

  • Colorado
  • Deleware
  • Kentucky
  • Louisiana
  • Massachusetts
  • North Carolina
  • Ohio
  • Tennessee
  • Vermont

50-59% of legally available forms of gambling have Voluntary Self-Exclusion options in the following states:

  • Arizona
  • Missouri
  • Indiana
  • New Mexico
  • New Hampshire
  • New Jersey
  • South Dakota

60-69% of legally available forms of gambling have Voluntary Self-Exclusion options in the following states:

  • Michigan
  • Washington DC

70-79% of legally available forms of gambling have Voluntary Self-Exclusion options in the following states:

  • Connecticut
  • Illinois
  • New York

80-89% of legally available forms of gambling have Voluntary Self-Exclusion options in the following states:

  • Iowa
  • Maryland
  • Nebraska
  • Pennsylvania
  • Virginia
  • West Virginia

Not applicable/no legality in Hawaii.

Number of legal forms of gambling and percent of voluntary self-exclusion program availability has a statistically significant positive linear relationship (r=.717, p<.001)

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Sample Voluntary Self-Exclusion Program Advertisement

Highlighted Findings

Word cloud of all Voluntary Self-Exclusion program names in the United States
  • Online/mobile forms of gambling have highest rates of voluntary self-exclusion (VSE) programs
  • Most widely available forms of legal gambling (fantasy sports/ bingo/ lottery) have low levels of legally required VSE programs
  • Voluntary self-exclusion name and procedures vary widely between states
    • “Voluntary Self-Exclusion” and “Self-Exclusion” are most prevalent names
    • Providing one name & procedure for all VSE programs would assist in helping people find the program no matter where they live
    • In-person is the most prevalent process

Research Team

  • Dr. Michelle L. Malkin, GRPI Director
  • Cassidy Morrison, GRPI Undergraduate Research Assistant
  • Kexuan Zhou, GRPI Graduate Research Assistant
  • Dr. Alyssa Wilson, Cal State FresnoWord
Download a copy of the poster (PDF)